This paper describes initial findings from our ongoing research on Filipino American political participation. We seek to understand why, despite its long history and considerable number in the U.S.A., the group remains politically invisible. We interviewed 33 politically active community members to gain information and insight on how and why ...The law recognizes FSL as the language of the Filipino Deaf. We are thankful for ASL for their influence because without them we would have never found FSL! Since FSL started, we have been researching & gathering Signs from all the 7,641 islands. FSL is more natural because the Deaf socialize, talk via signs and understand the concept easily.FILIPINO AMERICANS. FILIPINO AMERICANS are immigrants to the United States from one of the 7,107 islands and islets that form the archipelago of the Philippines, and their U.S.-born descendants. In the United States, Filipinos are categorized as Asian Americans.This official category is used to refer to people …Apr 13, 2017 · Indeed, American and Filipino prisoners of war and Filipino civilians were desperately waiting for MacArthur. On October 20, 1944, MacArthur’s forces landed at Leyte Gulf, just south of Tacloban Oct 10, 2023 · One of the earliest heroes of the Filipino-American experience was the novelist and poet Carlos Bulosan (ca. 1911–1956), who came to the United States as a teenager and worked menial jobs while writing two minor masterpieces, the 1946 semiautobiographical novel America Is in the Heart and a 1943 essay, “The Freedom from Want,” which ran that year in the Saturday Evening Post during one ... The history of the Philippines from 1898 to 1946 is known as the American colonial period, and began with the outbreak of the Spanish–American War in April 1898, when the Philippines was still a colony of the Spanish East Indies, and concluded when the United States formally recognized the independence of the Republic of the Philippines on ...There is historical evidence that Filipinos have been immigrating to the Americas since the 16th century and forming permanent settlements in the United States since the mid-1800s. Their experiences and contributions, however, have been minimized and generally received very little attention in history books. Moreover, whenever …For three of those years they were studying nutritional sciences, home economics or agricultural science. Food was the way of either introducing Filipino commodities into the “global” trade, or getting Filipinos to start to think like Americans, about the nutritional value of what they put into their bodies. 13:10 American missionaries arrivePhilippines - Culture, Diversity, Traditions: Philippine society is a unique blend of diversity and homogeneity. Although geographically part of Southeast Asia, the country is culturally strongly Euro-American. Forces of assimilation have constantly worked to overcome cultural differences between the various ethnic groups that are scattered—sometimes in relative …There were two phases to the Philippine-American War. The first phase, from February to November of 1899, was dominated by Aguinaldo’s ill-fated attempts to fight a …You see, Filipino banishment goes back to the fact that there was a Philippine-American War that lasted for 15 years and during which thousands—some say 1.4 million—Filipinos were killed by ...The overall Asian population in the U.S. had a median age of 34 in 2019, including 19 for U.S.-born Asians and 45 for those born outside the U.S. The share of Asian Americans ages 25 and older with at least a bachelor’s degree varies greatly by origin group. Those of Indian (75%), Malaysian (65%), Mongolian (60%) or Sri Lankan (60%) …Filipino population in the U.S., 2000-2019. 1M 2M 3M 4M 5M 2000 2005 2010 2015. Note: Based on mixed-race and mixed-group populations, regardless of Hispanic …Findings indicate that participants (de)legitimize whiteness, (dis)obey assimilation, and (mis)recognize colonialism. Discussion suggests how participants engaged in performative assimilation, paradoxical postcolonialism, and panoptic whiteness. Finally, different trajectories for Filipinos and Filipino/a/x Americans are offered.Filipinos (Filipino: Mga Pilipino) are citizens or people identified with the country of the Philippines.The majority of Filipinos today are predominantly Catholic and come from various Austronesian peoples, all typically speaking Filipino, English, or other Philippine languages.Despite formerly being subject to Spanish colonialism, only around 2-4% of …There were two phases to the Philippine-American War. The first phase, from February to November of 1899, was dominated by Aguinaldo’s ill-fated attempts to fight a … The Philippine–American War, [12] known alternatively as the Philippine Insurrection, Filipino–American War, [a] or Tagalog Insurgency, [13] [14] [15] was fought between the First Philippine Republic and the United States from February 4, 1899, until July 2, 1902. [16] Tensions arose after the United States annexed the Philippines under the ... American and Filipino soldiers scrambled from their foxholes, defense lines crumbled, and Japanese troops with fixed bayonets broke through the front on the night of April 6. The enemy burst through the left flank of Parker’s U.S. Second Corps and pushed it back 10 miles in 48 hours. On the left, Wainwright’s First Corps was …The Philippine-American War, 1899–1902 After its defeat in the Spanish-American War of 1898, Spain ceded its longstanding colony of the Philippines to the United States in the Treaty of Paris. On February 4, 1899, just two days before the U.S. Senate ratified the treaty, fighting broke out between American forces and Filipino nationalists led by Emilio …Japanese and Filipino-American forces both raced to capture Morong on Bataan Peninsula, Luzon, Philippine Islands. Both sides reached the town around the same time, but the Allies had detected the Japanese first. Taking the opportunity for a surprise attack, more than 20 American cavalry troops charged on their horses, dispersing …Feb 21, 2024 · The siege of Bataan was the first major land battle for the Americans in World War II and one of the most-devastating military defeats in American history. The force on Bataan, numbering some 76,000 Filipino and American troops, is the largest army under American command ever to surrender. May 8, 2023 · The making of Asian American identity and knowledge of Asian history in the U.S. The pan-ethnic term “Asian American” emerged in Berkeley, California, in the 1960s as part of a political movement to organize the diverse U.S. Asian population. The main reason that Filipino Americans are less visible in American life is because of the erasure of U.S. imperialism from American life. The starting point of relations between the United ...The Philippine–American War, [12] known alternatively as the Philippine Insurrection, Filipino–American War, [a] or Tagalog Insurgency, [13] [14] [15] was fought between the First Philippine Republic and the United States from February 4, 1899, until July 2, 1902. [16] Tensions arose after the United States annexed the … The ensuing Philippine-American War lasted three years and resulted in the death of over 4,200 American and over 20,000 Filipino combatants. As many as 200,000 Filipino civilians died from violence, famine, and disease. The decision by U.S. policymakers to annex the Philippines was not without domestic controversy. October 21, 2022. Written by Danielle Hess. October is a month of observance for many different cultures and initiatives, but one that is not as well known is Filipino American …Currently, it is the term that is used most to describe this group,” says Kevin Nadal, Ph.D., the author of Filipino American Psychology and a professor at the City University of New York who ...May 26, 2020 · The Philippine-American War was an armed conflict fought from February 4, 1899 to July 2, 1902 between forces of the United States and Filipino revolutionaries led by President Emilio Aguinaldo. While the United States viewed the conflict as an insurrection standing in the way of extending its “ manifest destiny ” influence across the ... The main reason that Filipino Americans are less visible in American life is because of the erasure of U.S. imperialism from American life. The starting point of relations between the United ...Filipinos (Filipino: Mga Pilipino) are citizens or people identified with the country of the Philippines.The majority of Filipinos today are predominantly Catholic and come from various Austronesian peoples, all typically speaking Filipino, English, or other Philippine languages.Despite formerly being subject to Spanish colonialism, only …The history of Filipino Americans begins indirectly, when Filipino slaves and indentured servants first visited what is now the United States aboard Novohispanic ships sailing to and from modern Mexico and Asia, loaded with cargo and prisoners. [1] [2 ]The first ship carrying these slaves docked around Morro Bay in Alta … The ensuing Philippine-American War lasted three years and resulted in the death of over 4,200 American and over 20,000 Filipino combatants. As many as 200,000 Filipino civilians died from violence, famine, and disease. The decision by U.S. policymakers to annex the Philippines was not without domestic controversy. About three-in-ten Filipino Americans say their group gets along very well with Hispanics and blacks (30% and 27%, respectively). Indian Americans are more positive about relations between their group and whites than they are about relations with other racial or ethnic groups. About a third (36%) say Indian Americans get along with whites very ...10 groundbreaking Filipino Americans in US history. Filipino Americans are the third-largest Asian American ethnic group in the United States, after Chinese …The history of Filipino Americans begins indirectly, when Filipino slaves and indentured servants first visited what is now the United States aboard Novohispanic ships sailing to and from modern Mexico and Asia, loaded with cargo and prisoners. [1] [2 ]The first ship carrying these slaves docked around Morro Bay in Alta …Congress approved President McKinley's request for a declaration of war on April 25, 1898; yet the Spanish-American War was the culmination of decades of pressure toward U.S. expansionism.Feb 16, 2024 · Philippine-American War, war between the United States and Filipino revolutionaries from 1899 to 1902, an insurrection that may be seen as a continuation of the Philippine Revolution against Spanish rule. It began after the United States assumed sovereignty of the Philippines following the defeat of Spain in the Spanish-American War. There are over 3 million people of Filipino heritage living in the U.S., and many say they relate better to Latino Americans than other …This period, lasting until 1946, saw the Philippines undergo a transformation in terms of governance, education, language, and economic policies. The American Period in the Philippines began in 1898 after the Spanish-American War. The United States promised self-government and eventual independence to the Filipino people.A large mural of Filipino and American soldiers carrying each other in battle is present on the roof deck of the memorial. This elevated circular platform is the only place in Nueva Ecija where the American flag stands beside the Filipino flag. The dedication, which is located on the back of the Cabanatuan sign, describes the memorial. It reads,Filipino population in the U.S., 2000-2019. 1M 2M 3M 4M 5M 2000 2005 2010 2015. Note: Based on mixed-race and mixed-group populations, regardless of Hispanic …Other Filipino American Catholics who spoke with The Times described experiences where their faith was a positive influence on their mental well-being. Joe Nava, 38, a Texas resident, said he ...Religion. Just like most countries in Latin America, the vast majority of the Filipino population is Catholic (about 90%). And like all good Catholics, Filipinos and Latinos really love baby Jesus ...Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like During the _____ nearly 10,000 American and Filipino troops died from exposure, disease, and cruel treatment by Japanese captors., In 1940, America leased fifty obsolete _____ to Great Britain in exchange for naval bases., AntiSemitism is hatred directed at …May 8, 2023 · The making of Asian American identity and knowledge of Asian history in the U.S. The pan-ethnic term “Asian American” emerged in Berkeley, California, in the 1960s as part of a political movement to organize the diverse U.S. Asian population. Congress approved President McKinley's request for a declaration of war on April 25, 1898; yet the Spanish-American War was the culmination of decades of pressure toward U.S. expansionism.Oct 21, 2022 · It is known as the Delano Grape Strike and Filipino-American Larry Itliong is known as the father of the strike as he declared it. Filipino Americans also served in World War II. And during the COVID-19 pandemic, many served as healthcare workers, doctors and nurses. Today, a number of Filipino Americans work under the Biden Administration. The third-generation Filipino-American who was born and raised in Hilo, Hawai’i, dedicated himself instead to the local Hawaiian food that feeds his ‘ohana—his family and neighbors. With uncomplicated, flavor-forward recipes, he shows us the many cultures that have come to create the cuisine of his beloved home: the native Hawaiian ...Kinue TOKUDOME. April 9, 2008 marks the 66th anniversary of the fall of Bataan which resulted in the largest surrender by the United States Army in its history. Over 77,000 American and Filipino troops were to become victims of one of the most brutal episodes in the Pacific War—the Bataan Death March. The March: Beginning of the Ordeal.Kinue TOKUDOME. April 9, 2008 marks the 66th anniversary of the fall of Bataan which resulted in the largest surrender by the United States Army in its history. Over 77,000 American and Filipino troops were to become victims of one of the most brutal episodes in the Pacific War—the Bataan Death March. The March: Beginning of the Ordeal.The Philippine-American War was an armed conflict fought from February 4, 1899 to July 2, 1902 between forces of the United States and Filipino revolutionaries led by President Emilio Aguinaldo.While the United States viewed the conflict as an insurrection standing in the way of extending its “manifest destiny” …Filipino American History Month (FAHM)* was established in October 1988 to commemorate the first recorded presence of Filipinxs in the continental United States, which occurred on October 18, 1587, when "Luzones Indios" came ashore from the Spanish galleon Nuestra Senora de Esperanza and landed at what is …Meanwhile, in the Philippines, Bataan fell in April, and the 70,000 American and Filipino soldiers captured there were forced to undertake a death march in which at least 7,000 perished. Then, in ...Based on Pew Research’s analysis, there are 4.2 million Filipinos living in the United States as of 2019, making them the third-largest Asian origin group in the country. Chinese Americans remain the largest origin group with 5.4 million people, making up 23% of the total Asian population in the U.S. They are followed by Indian Americans ...Nov 14, 2015 · Malaria, dysentery, beriberi, and a host of other diseases swept through the crowds of prisoners who died at a rate of 400 men per day. Conditions were so dire that by July 1942, the Japanese replaced the camp’s commander, moved the American prisoners to a camp in Cabanatuan, and paroled the Filipino prisoners. The Philippine–American War, [12] known alternatively as the Philippine Insurrection, Filipino–American War, [a] or Tagalog Insurgency, [13] [14] [15] was fought between the First Philippine Republic and the United States from February 4, 1899, until July 2, 1902. [16] Tensions arose after the United States annexed the Philippines under the ... The Philippine-American War, 1899–1902 After its defeat in the Spanish-American War of 1898, Spain ceded its longstanding colony of the Philippines to the United States in the Treaty of Paris. On February 4, 1899, just two days before the U.S. Senate ratified the treaty, fighting broke out between American forces and …It started on Sept. 8, 1965, in Delano, California, with 2,000 Filipino-American workers refusing to go pick grapes and lasted five years. It is known as the Delano Grape Strike and Filipino-American Larry Itliong is known as the father of the strike as he declared it. Filipino Americans also served in World War II.To claim U.S. citizenship, just like anyone born to an American abroad, a Filipino Amerasian would need their father to certify his parentage before the child turns 18. A few have succeeded in ...Filipino-American historian Dawn Bohulano Mabalon, writer Gayle Romasanta, and illustrator Andre Sibayan tell the story of the labor leader and co-founder of the United Farm Workers Larry Itliong ...American officials have identified the strategically located Philippines as critical to fend off any potential conflict. The country’s northern main island, Luzon, lies …Dawn Bohulano Mabalon (1972-2018) A committed educator, historian, and Filipino-Am activist, Mabalon devoted her life to protecting and honoring Filipino American traditions and heritage. Furthermore, as a co-founder of the Little Manila Foundation in Stockton, California, she has made significant contributions to Filipino American history ...A Spanish quest to find gold-rich islands off the coast of present-day California ended in the death of two sailors (among them, a Filipino crew member) at the hands of Morro Bay Native Americans.To claim U.S. citizenship, just like anyone born to an American abroad, a Filipino Amerasian would need their father to certify his parentage before the child turns 18. A few have succeeded in ...Today, bagoong and other Filipino foods are finally entering the American mainstream, more than a century after the United States Navy sailed into Manila Bay, sank the Spanish Armada and took ...GLENDALE, Calif. — Seven Filipino American contemporary artists are set to showcase Philippine heritage and its influence on California’s cultural tapestry in an …Limoncello on 24th, 2862 24th St, San Francisco, CA 94110. Join the Filipino Alumni Network for a social and a show in San Francisco! The network will host a lunch … Filipino Americans are the second-largest Asian American group in the nation and the third-largest ethnic group in California, after Latinas/os and African Americans. The celebration of Filipino American History Month in October commemorates the first recorded presence of Filipinos in the continental United States, which occurred on October 18, 1587, when “Luzones Indios” came ashore... It started on Sept. 8, 1965, in Delano, California, with 2,000 Filipino-American workers refusing to go pick grapes and lasted five years. It is known as the Delano Grape Strike and Filipino-American Larry Itliong is known as the father of the strike as he declared it. Filipino Americans also served in World War II.A Spanish quest to find gold-rich islands off the coast of present-day California ended in the death of two sailors (among them, a Filipino crew member) at the hands of Morro Bay Native Americans.Filipino and American prisoners of war marched from Mariveles to San Fernando. (Image credit: Bettmann / Getty Images) The opening bombardment caused brush fires that so terrified the Filipinos ...Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like During the _____ nearly 10,000 American and Filipino troops died from exposure, disease, and cruel treatment by Japanese captors., In 1940, America leased fifty obsolete _____ to Great Britain in exchange for naval bases., AntiSemitism is hatred directed at …The Filipino American community was the second-largest Asian American group in the United States with a population of over 3.4 million as of the 2010 US Census, [6] [7] making up 19.7% of Asian Americans. [8] . Only … Filipino-American actress Nicole Gale Anderson who is popular for her role in Beauty and the Beast (2012) was born in Rochester, Indiana, U.S. on August 29, 1990. Her father is an American born Commander in the United States Navy while her mother is from the Philippines. She was a national gymnast ... Filipino Passion and the ‘American Dream’. (This is the First Prize winner of the 2014 Philippine Independence Week annual contest in Chicago. Francine is a high school senior at the ...Plastic: Standard: a polymeric material; Filipino: a fake friend or person; Unique Filipino English Words. Ambush interview: an unscheduled interview that occurs because someone has been forced or tricked into on-the-spot participation Batchmate: A person's classmates at school who graduate in the …Bataan Death March, march in the Philippines of some 66 miles (106 km) that 76,000 prisoners of war (66,000 Filipinos, 10,000 Americans) were forced by the …Jun 14, 2023 · American food is usually cooked using a lot of oil, salt, and other unhealthy ingredients. Filipino food, on the other hand, is often cooked using more natural ingredients and less oil. This makes Filipino food much healthier than American food. Finally, American food is usually served in much larger portions than Filipino food. Filipino-Americans are full-fledged American citizens. When introducing themselves to the world, they are Americans and accorded all the rights and privileges of American citizens. When they need identification and travel documents, they go to American agencies; abroad, they go to American …The law recognizes FSL as the language of the Filipino Deaf. We are thankful for ASL for their influence because without them we would have never found FSL! Since FSL started, we have been researching & gathering Signs from all the 7,641 islands. FSL is more natural because the Deaf socialize, talk via signs and understand the concept easily.More than four million Filipino-Americans live in the United States, and almost 300,000 U.S. citizens reside in the Philippines, including a large number of U.S. military veterans. Additionally, Manila is home to the only Veterans Administration regional office outside the United States, and the American Cemetery in Manila is the largest ... This is a guide to Filipino work culture. Work better with your remote staff by understanding their unique communication styles, work practices, local expressions, and more in this article.Filipino VAs may understand a lot of Western references, but they're still deeply rooted in their own work culture. They’ve got unique values, practices, and beliefs that are a tad different from yours. The history of the Philippines from 1898 to 1946 is known as the American colonial period, and began with the outbreak of the Spanish–American War in April 1898, when the Philippines was still a colony of the Spanish East Indies, and concluded when the United States formally recognized the independence of the Republic of the Philippines on ...Build a stronger remote team by understanding Filipino work culture. . Yes, Filipinos share a lot of similarities with the US — they watch the same TV shows, listen to the same songs, and even tune in to Western current events. But they also have a …The Battle of Manila (Filipino: Labanan sa Maynila; Japanese: マニラの戦い, romanized: Manira no Tatakai; Spanish: Batalla de Manila; 3 February – 3 March 1945) was a major battle of the Philippine campaign of 1944–45, during the Second World War.It was fought by forces from both the United States and the Philippines …Two indigenous groups came into contact — one in freedom, the other in servitude — for four days in October 1587. In this article, I reflect on the small expedition …The Filipino American community was the second-largest Asian American group in the United States with a population of over 3.4 million as of the 2010 US Census, [6] [7] making up 19.7% of Asian Americans. [8] . Only …On May 6, 1942, U.S. Lieutenant General Jonathan Wainwright surrenders all U.S. troops in the Philippines to the Japanese. The island of Corregidor remained the last Allied stronghold in the ...A 34% plurality of this group are Filipino. Chinese Americans are the largest Asian origin group in the U.S., making up 24% of the Asian population, or 5.4 million people. The next two largest origin groups are Indian Americans, who account for 21% of the total (4.6 million people), and Filipinos, whoKinue TOKUDOME. April 9, 2008 marks the 66th anniversary of the fall of Bataan which resulted in the largest surrender by the United States Army in its history. Over 77,000 American and Filipino troops were to become victims of one of the most brutal episodes in the Pacific War—the Bataan Death March. The March: Beginning of the Ordeal.
Filipino-American historian Dawn Bohulano Mabalon, writer Gayle Romasanta, and illustrator Andre Sibayan tell the story of the labor leader and co-founder of the United Farm Workers Larry Itliong .... David zwirner
Plastic: Standard: a polymeric material; Filipino: a fake friend or person; Unique Filipino English Words. Ambush interview: an unscheduled interview that occurs because someone has been forced or tricked into on-the-spot participation Batchmate: A person's classmates at school who graduate in the …This paper describes initial findings from our ongoing research on Filipino American political participation. We seek to understand why, despite its long history and considerable number in the U.S.A., the group remains politically invisible. We interviewed 33 politically active community members to gain …Oct 3, 2021 · A Spanish quest to find gold-rich islands off the coast of present-day California ended in the death of two sailors (among them, a Filipino crew member) at the hands of Morro Bay Native Americans. Philippine resistance forces conducted a guerrilla campaign that induced the Imperial Japanese Army to perform a suicidal defense on the islands. U.S.-Philippine forces surrendered on the Bataan Peninsula in April 1942. The 76,000 sick and starving American and Filipino defenders were forced to endure the infamous, 66-mile-long Bataan Death March.Aug 12, 2020 · High context culture like that of traditional Filipino way of expression rely more heavily on using non-verbal cues, dropping hints, using humor or euphemism to express a need. There is a fascinating difference in the way children are reared from both traditional Filipino versus Filipinos raised in the American culture. 2. Filipino Father; or b. Filipino Mother and that person elects Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of majority. Under the principle of derivative citizenship, unmarried children below eighteen (18) years of age, whether legitimate, illegitimate, or adopted, of former Filipino parents who retained/reacquired their Philippine citizenship ...This one example reveals how Filipino Americans and Mexican Americans have stood together in the struggle for equal rights and fair treatment. For that reason, I …A large mural of Filipino and American soldiers carrying each other in battle is present on the roof deck of the memorial. This elevated circular platform is the only place in Nueva Ecija where the American flag stands beside the Filipino flag. The dedication, which is located on the back of the Cabanatuan sign, describes the memorial. It reads,Currently, it is the term that is used most to describe this group,” says Kevin Nadal, Ph.D., the author of Filipino American Psychology and a professor at the City University of New York who ...The Filipino American community was the second-largest Asian American group in the United States with a population of over 3.4 million as of the 2010 US Census, [6] [7] making up 19.7% of Asian Americans. [8] . Only … Congress approved President McKinley's request for a declaration of war on April 25, 1898; yet the Spanish-American War was the culmination of decades of pressure toward U.S. expansionism. Larry Itliong was a Filipino American labor rights leader who fought for equal pay and better living conditions for farm and cannery workers along the West Coast and …Filipino and American prisoners of war marched from Mariveles to San Fernando. (Image credit: Bettmann / Getty Images) The opening bombardment caused brush fires that so terrified the Filipinos ... Legaci – Filipino-American R&B band from the San Francisco Bay Area, California, formed in 1997. They are currently the backup singers for Canadian Pop-R&B singer Justin Bieber on the My World Tour. Q-York – Filipino-American hip hop record production duo composed of Flava Matikz (DJ/producer) and Knowa Lazarus (songwriter/MC). Other This period, lasting until 1946, saw the Philippines undergo a transformation in terms of governance, education, language, and economic policies. The American Period in the Philippines began in 1898 after the Spanish-American War. The United States promised self-government and eventual independence to the Filipino people.May 1, 2023 · The United States and the Philippines benefit from unique bonds of friendship and community among our peoples, and millions of Filipino Americans enrich communities across the United States. An American employee, on the other hand, might be more hesitant to take a leave of absence in similar instances. Other cultural differences . There are a number of other cultural differences between American and Filipino employees, such as: Personal space - Americans tend to value personal space more than …One of the earliest heroes of the Filipino-American experience was the novelist and poet Carlos Bulosan (ca. 1911–1956), who came to the United States as a teenager and worked menial jobs while writing two minor masterpieces, the 1946 semiautobiographical novel America Is in the Heart and a 1943 essay, “The …1. Honor the Filipino Veterans from World War II. View A Long Road to Dignity, an exhibit portraying Filipino veterans’ wartime experiences and a long struggle in its aftermath. In World War II, Filipino soldiers responded to the call …This paper describes initial findings from our ongoing research on Filipino American political participation. We seek to understand why, despite its long history and considerable number in the U.S.A., the group remains politically invisible. We interviewed 33 politically active community members to gain …The findings highlighted that the common speech act patterns between the two are assertive (A), directive-assertive (DA), directive (D), assertive- directive (AD), and assertive-expressive (AE). All these patterns are evident in the American advertisements, which convey that Filipino online sellers are also exposed and follow the Western format ....